When the Sustainable Packaging Coalition released its definition of sustainable packaging two years ago, we included in the criteria the use of renewable energy throughout the life cycle of packaging. At the time, this was criticized as being too aspirational. Yet at the same meeting when the definition was released, the memory of Hurricane Katrina was fresh in everyone's minds and oil had just exceeded $70 a barrel. While renewable energy may seem like a distant vision, the business and environmental case for alternative energy is building quickly as it becomes clear that renewable energy sources are essential for the long-term sustainability of our economy and the planet.

Many companies appear to agree and are moving toward a more renewable energy future. Activities range from direct investment in renewable energy (installation of wind, solar) to direct purchase of renewable energy (wind power) and indirect purchase of renewable energy through certified Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) or other offset mechanisms. These activities send a signal that renewable energy is an important business consideration and one that is growing in significance.

Given that renewable energy sources are not all equal, what are the more promising types? Geothermal, tidal, solar and wind are renewable sources that are also emission-free; they do not emit carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases and common air pollutants. In the US, there are promising possibilities depending on the region. The Western US has significant geothermal potential, the Southern states are well suited for solar, and the upper Midwest and many offshore areas are ideal for wind power. Energy from tides is a relatively new area but is obviously limited. Solar and wind sources are, of course, subject to variability in weather.

Hydroelectric is a renewable energy source that is widely recognized and utilized. However, there are significant ecosystem impacts associated with hydroelectricity. Some of these impacts are irreparable and include the loss of critical habitat, destruction of high value eco-systems and species loss. While emission-free, hydroelectric energy can result in significant biodiversity impacts and also is subject to long-term climate variability in the form of droughts.

Biomass, or the use of biologically derived materials for energy generation, also is considered a renewable energy source and is also carbon-neutral. Agricultural wastes are currently being explored as potential biomass feedstock. However, biomass is not an emission-free source of energy. It is used extensively in the fiber industry as wood and bark waste is a significant by-product of production processes.

In 2004, only about 6 percent of the energy consumed in the US was renewable, and most of this was hydroelectric. Despite a lack of aggressive federal leadership on renewable energy, states and industry are moving quickly towards renewables. Currently, 23 states have renewable-energy portfolio standards, and four states have voluntary renewable goals. Diversifying one's energy portfolio not only supports the development of renewable energy but is also an astute hedge against the increasing volatility of petroleum-based energy markets.

434/817-1424, anne.johnson@greenblue.org